PA regulates tRNA-derived stress-induced RNA (tiRNA) expression in human trophoblasts. Expression analysis of tiRNAGlyGCC, tiRNAValCAC, tiRNAHisGTG, and tiRNALysCTT following dose-dependent treatment (0, 200, 400, and 800 μM) with PA for 24 h in HTR8/SVneo cells. Data are presented as representative results from three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference compared to controls (***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01).