The evaluation of mineralization and calcium contents using Von Kossa and ALP staining. (A) Odonto/osteoblasts with epithelial cells had higher staining intensity than without epithelial cells (scale bar = 100 μm). (B) ALP activity and calcium content were significantly increased in odonto/osteoblasts with/without epithelial cells. ALP activity and calcium content in co-culture with epithelial cells were higher than without epithelial cells. Data are represented by the mean ± SD of four independent experiments. Lettered subscripts indicate statistical differences between groups (p < 0.05).